INTRODUCTION:
Coronary angiography was first performed in 1929 when the German physician Werner Forssmann inserted a plastic tube in his cubital vein and guided it to the right chamber of the heart. He took an x-ray to prove his success and published it on November 5, 1929 with the title "Über die Sondierung des rechten Herzens" (About probing of the right heart).1
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the major cause of mortality globally, as well as in India. They are caused by disorders of the heart and blood vessels, and includes coronary heart disease (heart attacks), cerebrovascular disease (stroke), raised blood pressure (hypertension), peripheral artery disease, rheumatic heart disease, congenital heart disease and heart failure.2
Coronary heart disease contributes much to the burden morbidity and mortality from chronic diseases globally and more than 80% of CVD-related deaths worldwide now occur in low and middle income countries.
Incidence and prevalence of coronary artery disease and stroke account for at least 13.2 million deaths in world every year which is obtained by following statistics: Over 50,000 American die due to cardiovascular disease each year. One in five women has some form of heart or blood vessel disease. Over 2 million Europeans die due to coronary artery disease each year. An estimated 21% of European men and 22% of European women die from coronary artery disease.3
In India about 30 million adults suffer from cardiovascular disease. The WHO estimates that 60% of the world’s cardiac patient’s age between 30-65 year will be in India by 2010. Statistics shows that in the year 2003-2006 top sites in India saw over 100,000 patients (Bangalore 3 sites) and male and female incidence about ratio 253 male and 204 female per 100,000 in 2000 and will be projected 295male and 239 female in 2015.The number of coronary incidences in India are increasing by 25% every year. In north India it is 16% higher than south India. Report shows that overall prevalence of coronary artery disease in south India was 74%.4 A report of 2014 showed 1,03,000 bypass surgeries were carried out in Karnataka. In India Cardiovascular mortality raised by 103 % in men and 110 % in women during the period of 1985 -2015 and the cardiovascular disease will be the greatest killer by the year 2020.According to a study published in the Lancet, projections indicate that by 2030 NCDs will account for almost 75% of all deaths in India and the years of life lost due to coronary heart disease will be greater in that country than in China, the Russian Federation and the United States of America combined.3
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) have now become the leading cause of mortality in India. A quarter of all mortality is attributable to CVD. Ischemic heart disease and stroke are the predominant causes and are responsible for>80% of CVD deaths. The Global Burden of Disease study estimate of age-standardized CVD death rate of 272 per 100 000 population in India is higher than the global average of 235 per 100 000 population. Some aspects of the CVD epidemic in India are particular causes of concern, including its accelerated buildup, the early age of disease onset in the population, and the high case fatality rate. In India, the epidemiological transition from predominantly infectious disease conditions to non-communicable diseases has occurred over a rather brief period of time. Premature mortality in terms of years of life lost because of CVD in India increased by 59%, from 23.2 million (1990) to 37 million (2010). Despite wide heterogeneity in the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors across different regions, CVD has emerged as the leading cause of death in all parts of India, including poorer states and rural areas.5
A cross sectional study was conducted at Shirur, Karnataka a rural field practice area of S. Nijalingappa Medical College, Bagalkot between 1st January 2014 to 31st October 2015, to study the prevalence of CHD among individuals aged 20 years and above. The systematic random sampling method was used to draw the sample of 1226 respondents from 7015 eligible individuals. The present study was revealed the prevalence of CHD as 7.58% with the prevalence of symptomatic CHD (4.81%) was higher compared to asymptomatic (2.77%) cases. CHD was found to be significantly associated with increasing age in both genders (p<0.001) with male (60.22%) predominance. Higher prevalence of CHD was found among Hindu individuals, married people, illiterate and also among the individuals belonging to lower socio economic class. The study was concluded that, higher prevalence of CHD was found in the study in Shirur; a village of North Karnataka is a matter of concern. The study was recommended that regular screening and health education regarding the risk factors and lifestyle modification is needed.6
OBJECTIVES:
1. To assess the knowledge of 3rd year G.N.M. students regarding coronary angiography.
2. To evaluate the effectiveness of informational booklet on knowledge regarding coronary angiography.
3. To develop informational booklet regarding coronary angiography for student nurses.
4. To find the association between the knowledge scores with selected Socio demographic variables.
METHODOLOGY:
The research design used for this study is pre experimental (1 group pre-test and post-test) design. The independent variable is the Information booklet and the dependent variable is knowledge of the student nurses regarding coronary angiography. The setting of the study is at selected Schools of nursing at Vijayapur, Karnataka. Simple random sampling technique is used to select the subjects. The sample size is of 60 students. The tool used for the study is self-administered knowledge Questionnaire to assess the knowledge of the student nurses on coronary angiography. Content validity of the tool is given by experts and tool is found to be reliable and feasible. IB is prepared to enhance the knowledge about Coronary angiography among the student nurses and is validated by the experts before administration. The main study was conducted for six weeks in selected Schools of Nursing at Vijayapur. Pre-test was done to the student nurses of both the genders. After the pre-test, IB was administered, on 8th day, and administered post-test and assessed their knowledge on coronary angiography.
RESULTS:
Section 1: Demographic variables of nurses:
In pre-test majority of subjects 30 (50%) had an average knowledge; 18 (30%) had poor knowledge and 12 (20%) had good knowledge, where as in post-test 51 (85%) of them had good knowledge and 09 (15%) had poor knowledge.
PRESENTATION OF DATA:
The data presented under the following sections:
Section I: Analysis and interpretation of sociodemographic data of subjects.
Section II: Analysis and interpretation of knowledge scores of subjects regarding coronary angiography.
Section III: Testing hypotheses for evaluation of Effectiveness of informational booklet
Section IV: Analysis and interpretation of data to find out association between the pre-test knowledge scores with selected sociodemographic variables.
Section I: Analysis and interpretation of socio- demographic data of subjects.
Table 1: Frequency distribution of subjects according to their socio-demographic data n = 60
|
S. No. |
Socio demographic variables |
Frequency (f) |
% |
|
01 |
Age (in yrs) a) 20-24 b) 25-29 c) 30 and above |
30 24 06 |
50% 40% 10% |
|
02 |
Gender a) Male b) Female |
24 36 |
40% 60% |
|
03 |
Religion a) Hindu b) Muslim c) Christian d) Others |
36 18 06 00 |
60% 30% 10% 00 |
|
04 |
Type of family a) Nuclear b) Joint c) Extended |
34 20 06 |
56.66% 33.33% 10% |
|
05 |
Place of Residence a) Rural b) Semi Urban c) Urban |
12 30 18 |
20% 50% 30% |
|
06 |
Source of information a) Mass media b) Self reading c) Family / friends d) Others |
30 18 12 00 |
50% 30% 20% 00 |
Section 2: Mean, Median, Mode, Standard Deviation, and Range of knowledge score of subjects regarding Coronary Angiography.
Table 2: Pre-test and post-test percentage of knowledge scores of subjects in items of Coronary Angiography n=60
|
Area of analysis |
Mean |
Median |
Mode |
S.D |
Range |
|
Pre-test(x) |
12 |
13 |
14 |
2.68 |
10 |
|
Post-test(y) |
25 |
26 |
26 |
2.92 |
8 |
|
Difference(y-x) |
13 |
13 |
12 |
0.24 |
2 |
Section 3: Frequency and percentage distribution of knowledge scores of subjects regarding Coronary angiography.
Table 3: Mean, Median, Mode, Standard Deviation, and Range of knowledge score of subjects regarding Coronary Angiography
n= 60
|
Knowledge score |
Pre test Freq % |
Post test Freq % |
||
|
Good |
12 |
20 |
51 |
85 |
|
Average |
30 |
50 |
09 |
15 |
|
Poor |
18 |
30 |
00 |
00 |
Section 4: Testing hypothesis for evaluation of effectiveness of informational booklet.
Table 5: Mean difference (
),
Standard Error of difference (SEd) and paired ‘t’ values of knowledge scores of
subjects.
Knowledge Hypothesis: H0: d = 0 at 0.05 level of significance
H1: d # 0 at 0.05 level of significance
Mean
difference (
),
Standard Error of difference (SEd) and paired ‘t’ values of knowledge scores of
subjects.
|
Mean difference ( |
Standard Error of difference (SEd) |
Paired ‘t’ values |
|
|
Calculated |
Tabulated value |
||
|
12.3 |
2.98 |
26.48 * |
1.960 |
)
In pre-test majority of subjects 30 (50%) had an average knowledge; 18 (30%) had poor knowledge and 12 (20%) had good knowledge, where as in post-test 51 (85%) of them had good knowledge and 09 (15%) had poor knowledge. Study also reveals that there is no association between pre-test knowledge and selected Socio demographic variables. Study also reveals that calculated paired ‘t’ value (t= 26.48) is greater than tabulated value (t= 1.960). Hence H1 is accepted. This indicates that the gain in knowledge score is statistically significant at P< 0.05 levels.
RECOMMENDATIONS:
1. The similar study can be repeated on larger scale for better generalizations of the findings.
2. A similar study can be undertaken by utilizing other domains like attitude and practice.
3. The study can be conducted in various settings.
4. A comparative study may be conducted to find out the knowledge of B Sc Nursing students and other health care workers.
5. An experimental study can be conducted with control group.
6. A study can be carried out to evaluate the efficacy of various teaching strategies like self-instructional module, video assisted teaching programme.
CONCLUSION:
The finding of the study concludes that there is a need for educating the student nurses regarding coronary angiography. It implies that a nursing administrator should take part in developing protocols, standing orders related to design of the educational programmes and strategies for GNM Students regarding Coronary angiography.
ETHICAL CLEARANCE:
Obtained from ethical clearance committee of Tulza Bhavani College of nursing
FUNDING:
None
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:
This is a project conducted by Mr. Azhar H. Shaikh. I thank Mr. Rajshekhar sir, Mrs. Kale, principals of and participants of study.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST:
The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.
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Received on 19.06.2021 Modified on 03.07.2021
Accepted on 17.07.2021 ©A&V Publications All right reserved
Int. J. of Advances in Nur. Management. 2021; 9(4):385-388.
DOI: 10.52711/2454-2652.2021.00089